Proteomic analysis was conducted using Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). This research indicates that proteomic analysis is an effective technique for proteins expression associated with chemotherapy drugs on cancer tumours this method provides the opportunity to identify treatment targets for MCF-7 cancer cells, and a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system allowed the detection of a larger number of proteins than 2-DE gel analysis, as well as proteins with maximum pIs and high molecular weight. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the predicted canonical pathways linking the signalling of the actin cytoskeleton, ILK, VEGF, BAG2, integrin and paxillin, as well as glycolysis. While the proteins identified in DOX-treated cells were tubulin alpha-1B chain and a beta chain, actin cytoplasmic 1, annexin A2, IF rod domain-containing protein, and 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein. Additionally, one of the heat shock proteins was identified, which is Hsp90 other proteins include Annexins and Human epididymis protein 4. Other identified proteins are structural proteins which included Keratin, α- and β-tubulin, actin, and actinin. Most of the 30 identified proteins that are differentially expressed in DOX-CC-NPs treated cells are key enzymes that have an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates as well as energy, including: pyruvate kinase, ATP synthase, enolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier, and trypsin. Out of the 334 proteins expressed in DOX-CC-NPs treated cells, only 36 proteins showed changes in abundance, while in DOX treated cells, only 7 out of 54 proteins were differentially expressed. In total, 334 proteins were expressed in DOX-Ar-CC-NPs treated cells, while DOX treatment expressed only 54 proteins. This study determines the therapeutic potential of doxorubicin-loaded aragonite CaCO 3 nanoparticles using a Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry analysis. This study aimed to characterise and differentiate the proteomics profiles of breast cancer cell lines treated with Doxorubicin (DOX) and Doxorubicin-CaCO 3-nanoparticles (DOX-Ar-CC-NPs).

One of the most prevalent death causes among women worldwide is breast cancer.

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